Emergence
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* Multiple: 3 levels of abstraction, a third level of abstraction indicates the appearance of a new system | * Multiple: 3 levels of abstraction, a third level of abstraction indicates the appearance of a new system | ||
* Strong: 4 levels of abstraction, two causally independent levels of abstraction, each with two causally interdependent levels of abstraction | * Strong: 4 levels of abstraction, two causally independent levels of abstraction, each with two causally interdependent levels of abstraction | ||
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| + | Russ Abbott has argued in "The reductionist blind spot" that the best way to understand emergence is through the lens of '''implementation''' - emergent properties can be described as a high level abstraction which is implemented by low level elements. The lower level of abstraction implements the higher level. In this sense, weak emergence means the implementation of a feature (by a small number of rules), while strong emergence means the implementation of a new system (by a large number of rules). | ||
=== 1. Simple/Nominal Emergence (Type I) === | === 1. Simple/Nominal Emergence (Type I) === | ||
