Complex Adaptive System - Revision history

Jfromm at 21:38, 31 March 2011

2011-03-31T21:38:09Z

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	== Definitions ==		== Definitions ==

	In general the term Complex Adaptive System (CAS) is simply used for every system and society that consists of a		CAS are an attempt to find a new, unified way of thinking about nature, human social behavior, life and the universe itself. In general the term Complex Adaptive System (CAS) is simply used for every system and society that consists of a
	large number of mutually interacting [[Agent\|agents]]. A CAS is a complex, often self-similar collectivity of interacting adaptive		large number of mutually interacting [[Agent\|agents]]. A CAS is a complex, often self-similar collectivity of interacting adaptive
	agents. The study of CAS focus on the [[Emergence\|emergent]], [[Self-Organization\|self-organizing]] and macroscopic properties of these [[Complex System\|complex systems]]. Various definitions have been offered by different researchers:		agents. The study of CAS focus on the [[Emergence\|emergent]], [[Self-Organization\|self-organizing]] and macroscopic properties of these [[Complex System\|complex systems]]. Various definitions have been offered by different researchers:

Jfromm: /* Principles and Theorems */

2011-03-01T20:31:06Z

Principles and Theorems

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	to model and simulate CAS. Is there any calculus for their		to model and simulate CAS. Is there any calculus for their
	complex combination of [[Iteration\|iteration]] and interaction?		complex combination of [[Iteration\|iteration]] and interaction?
			Or are they [[Computational_irreducibility\|computationally irreducible]],
			which means it is impossible in principle to shortcut or predict their
			behavior?

	== CAS and MAS ==		== CAS and MAS ==

Jfromm: /* Principles and Theorems */

2011-03-01T20:28:51Z

Principles and Theorems

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	== Principles and Theorems ==		== Principles and Theorems ==


	A set of [[Basic_System_Theory\|basic principles]] is well known.		A set of [[Basic_System_Theory\|basic principles]] is well known.
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	to model and simulate CAS. Is there any calculus for their		to model and simulate CAS. Is there any calculus for their
	complex combination of [[Iteration\|iteration]] and interaction?		complex combination of [[Iteration\|iteration]] and interaction?


	== CAS and MAS ==		== CAS and MAS ==

Jfromm: /* Books */

2011-03-01T20:28:29Z

Books

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	* John H. Miller & Scott E. Page, Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life, Princeton University Press, 2007		* John H. Miller & Scott E. Page, Complex Adaptive Systems: An Introduction to Computational Models of Social Life, Princeton University Press, 2007

	* M. Waldrop, Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos, Simon & Schuster~~; 1st edition~~, 1992		* M. Waldrop, Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos, Simon & Schuster, 1992

	* John Holland, Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity, Basic Books, 1996		* John Holland, Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity, Basic Books, 1996
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	more can be found in this [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/susan/int/books.htm#soc list]		more can be found in this [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/susan/int/books.htm#soc list]


	==External links==		==External links==

Jfromm at 20:28, 1 March 2011

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 * Stephanie Forrest, "Emergent Computation: Self-organizing, collective, and cooperative phenomena in natural and artificial computing networks", Physica D 42 (1990) 1-11
 ==External links==
 * [http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~honavar/alife.isu.html CAS Group at Iowa State University]
 * [http://www.casresearch.com/ CAS Research Site by Mark Voss]

Jfromm at 20:21, 1 March 2011

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 environment. The more successful rules are selected, whereas the less
 successful rules are deleted.
 == CAS and MAS ==

Jfromm: /* Definitions */

2011-02-26T13:57:22Z

Definitions

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	*John H. Holland		*John H. Holland
	:''A Complex Adaptive System (CAS) is a dynamic network of many agents (which may represent cells, species, individuals, firms, nations) acting in parallel, constantly acting and reacting to what the other agents are doing. The control of a CAS tends to be highly dispersed and decentralized. If there is to be any coherent behavior in the system, it has to arise from competition and cooperation among the agents themselves. The overall behavior of the system is the result of a huge number of decisions made every moment by many individual agents.'' (Source: M. Waldrop's book about "Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos"). According to John Holland, a complex adaptive system "can function (or continue to exist) only if it makes a continued adaptation to an environment that exhibits perpetual novelty" (see his article [http://www.santafe.edu/media/bulletin_articles/summer_fall1987v2n1.pdf Complex Adaptive Systems: A Primer]. It interacts with the environment in a game-like way to explore the environment. It occupies or exploits a niche in the environment. And there is a tradeoff between [[Exploitation_and_Exploration\|exploration and exploitation]].		:''A Complex Adaptive System (CAS) is a dynamic network of many agents (which may represent cells, species, individuals, firms, nations) acting in parallel, constantly acting and reacting to what the other agents are doing. The control of a CAS tends to be highly dispersed and decentralized. If there is to be any coherent behavior in the system, it has to arise from competition and cooperation among the agents themselves. The overall behavior of the system is the result of a huge number of decisions made every moment by many individual agents.'' (Source: M. Waldrop's book about "Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos"). According to John Holland, a complex adaptive system "can function (or continue to exist) only if it makes a continued adaptation to an environment that exhibits perpetual novelty" (see his article [http://www.santafe.edu/media/bulletin_articles/summer_fall1987v2n1.pdf Complex Adaptive Systems: A Primer]. It interacts with the environment in a game-like way to explore the environment. It occupies or exploits a [[Niche\|niche]] in the environment. And there is a tradeoff between [[Exploitation_and_Exploration\|exploration and exploitation]].

	*Kevin Dooley		*Kevin Dooley

Jfromm: /* Definitions */

2011-02-26T13:53:36Z

Definitions

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	*John H. Holland		*John H. Holland
	:''A Complex Adaptive System (CAS) is a dynamic network of many agents (which may represent cells, species, individuals, firms, nations) acting in parallel, constantly acting and reacting to what the other agents are doing. The control of a CAS tends to be highly dispersed and decentralized. If there is to be any coherent behavior in the system, it has to arise from competition and cooperation among the agents themselves. The overall behavior of the system is the result of a huge number of decisions made every moment by many individual agents.'' (Source: M. Waldrop's book about "Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos"). According to John Holland, a complex adaptive system "can function (or continue to exist) only if it makes a continued adaptation to an environment that exhibits perpetual novelty" (see his article [http://www.santafe.edu/media/bulletin_articles/summer_fall1987v2n1.pdf Complex Adaptive Systems: A Primer]		:''A Complex Adaptive System (CAS) is a dynamic network of many agents (which may represent cells, species, individuals, firms, nations) acting in parallel, constantly acting and reacting to what the other agents are doing. The control of a CAS tends to be highly dispersed and decentralized. If there is to be any coherent behavior in the system, it has to arise from competition and cooperation among the agents themselves. The overall behavior of the system is the result of a huge number of decisions made every moment by many individual agents.'' (Source: M. Waldrop's book about "Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos"). According to John Holland, a complex adaptive system "can function (or continue to exist) only if it makes a continued adaptation to an environment that exhibits perpetual novelty" (see his article [http://www.santafe.edu/media/bulletin_articles/summer_fall1987v2n1.pdf Complex Adaptive Systems: A Primer]. It interacts with the environment in a game-like way to explore the environment. It occupies or exploits a niche in the environment. And there is a tradeoff between [[Exploitation_and_Exploration\|exploration and exploitation]].

	*Kevin Dooley		*Kevin Dooley

Jfromm: /* Examples */

2011-02-26T12:03:14Z

Examples

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	* immune systems (antibodies)		* immune systems (antibodies)
	* biological cells (proteins)		* biological cells (proteins)
	* social systems (persons)		* [[Social system\|social systems]] (persons)
			* [[Political system\|political systems]] (parties)

	Another example is the stock market in which adaptive agents (traders) learn day-by-day and change their actions as they go. A good example is the immune system. It starts off simple but learns how to prevent you from getting complex illnesses. Other examples of complex adaptive systems include the social insect and ant colonies, the biosphere and the [[ecosystem]], the brain, the cell and the developing embryo, manufacturing businesses and any social human group-based endeavour in a cultural and [[Social system\|social system]] such as ~~[[political party\|~~political parties]] or [[Social network\|communities and social networks]]. There are close connections between the field of CAS and [[ALife]]. In both areas the principles [[Emergence\|emergence]] and [[Self-Organization\|self-organization]] are very important.		Another example is the stock market in which adaptive agents (traders) learn day-by-day and change their actions as they go. A good example is the immune system. It starts off simple but learns how to prevent you from getting complex illnesses. Other examples of complex adaptive systems include the social insect and ant colonies, the biosphere and the [[ecosystem]], the brain, the cell and the developing embryo, manufacturing businesses and any social human group-based endeavour in a cultural and [[Social system\|social system]] such as political parties or [[Social network\|communities and social networks]]. There are close connections between the field of CAS and [[ALife]]. In both areas the principles [[Emergence\|emergence]] and [[Self-Organization\|self-organization]] are very important.

	The terms '''complex adaptive systems''', '''complexity science''' or '''the sciences of complexity''' are often used to describe the loose academic field that has grown up around the study of complex adaptive systems. Complexity science is like [[Systems Theory\|systems theory]] not a single theory - it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about living, adaptable, changeable systems.		The terms '''complex adaptive systems''', '''complexity science''' or '''the sciences of complexity''' are often used to describe the loose academic field that has grown up around the study of complex adaptive systems. Complexity science is like [[Systems Theory\|systems theory]] not a single theory - it encompasses more than one theoretical framework and is highly interdisciplinary, seeking the answers to some fundamental questions about living, adaptable, changeable systems.

Jfromm: /* Articles */

2011-02-26T12:01:19Z

Articles

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	== Articles ==		== Articles ==

	John H. Holland		CAS in general (John H. Holland)

	* [http://www.santafe.edu/media/bulletin_articles/summer_fall1987v2n1.pdf Complex Adaptive Systems: A Primer]		* John H. Holland, [http://www.santafe.edu/media/bulletin_articles/summer_fall1987v2n1.pdf Complex Adaptive Systems: A Primer]
	* [http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/54988/ Biology's Gift to a Complex World]		* John H. Holland, [http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/54988/ Biology's Gift to a Complex World]

	Ecosystems and Biospheres (Simon A. Levin, Timothy M. Lenton)		Ecosystems and Biospheres (Simon A. Levin, Timothy M. Lenton)