New Kinds of Science - Revision history

Jfromm: /* Science and the Universe */

2011-03-31T22:28:51Z

Science and the Universe

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:28, 31 March 2011
Line 35:		Line 35:
	Yet there are some open questions: why are there any [[Theorem\|theorem]]s at all? Could we use computation instead calculation as well? How can we explain social systems? [[Social system\|Social systems]] are part of the physical world, but their form their own universe which is much harder to explain, because it is very complex. It does not contains spherical objects with identical properties, but individual, unique agents which act in unpredictable ways.		Yet there are some open questions: why are there any [[Theorem\|theorem]]s at all? Could we use computation instead calculation as well? How can we explain social systems? [[Social system\|Social systems]] are part of the physical world, but their form their own universe which is much harder to explain, because it is very complex. It does not contains spherical objects with identical properties, but individual, unique agents which act in unpredictable ways.

-	New technology can result in new kinds of models and metaphors. During the course of time, the universe has been is compared with a giant clock, a giant machine, a giant computer..	+	New technology can result in new kinds of models and [[Metaphor\|metaphors]]. During the course of time, the universe has been is compared with a giant clock, a giant machine, a giant computer..

	* 18th century: clocks (machine), newtonian mechanics		* 18th century: clocks (machine), newtonian mechanics

Jfromm: /* The computational universe */

2011-03-03T22:17:38Z

The computational universe

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:17, 3 March 2011
Line 50:		Line 50:
	Some of the gold nuggets have already been found: for example the classical algorithms in computer science for sorting and searching etc., the basic fractals, L-systems and of course cellular automata. In the area of distributed computing, we have discovered big signs saying "It is impossible to find any nuggets here" (for example the FLP theorem), which is quite disappointing.		Some of the gold nuggets have already been found: for example the classical algorithms in computer science for sorting and searching etc., the basic fractals, L-systems and of course cellular automata. In the area of distributed computing, we have discovered big signs saying "It is impossible to find any nuggets here" (for example the FLP theorem), which is quite disappointing.

-	A coherent theory of computation for "distributed systems"	+	A coherent theory of computation for "distributed systems" - or something like the principles of distributed computing - is still missing. Traditional computation is associated with calculation: arithmetic functions, serial algorithms, detailed instructions, and sequential operations. Computation in distributed systems such as [[Cellular Automata]] and Agent-Based Systems, where [[Iteration\|iteration]] meets interaction, is much more complex. A theory, set of [[Theorem\|theorem]]s or "calculus" for these systems would be desirable, something beyond the [[Ashby_Theorems\|Ashby Theorems]]. It is unclear what can be computed at all
-	- or something like the principles of distributed computing -	+
-	is still missing. Traditional computation is associated with calculation:	+
-	arithmetic functions, serial algorithms, detailed instructions,	+
-	and sequential operations. Computation in distributed	+
-	systems such as [[Cellular Automata]] and Agent-Based Systems,	+
-	where [[Iteration\|iteration]] meets interaction, is much more	+
-	complex. A theory, set of [[Theorem\|theorem]]s or "calculus" for	+
-	these systems would be desirable. It is unclear what can be computed at all	+
	with these systems (what kind of computation would this be?),		with these systems (what kind of computation would this be?),
-	what forms and types exist in general (have we found already	+	what forms and types exist in general (have we found already the basic types?), and how they are connected.
-	the basic types?), and how they are connected.	+

-	The [http://atlas.wolfram.com/ Wolfram Atlas of Simple Programs]	+	The [http://atlas.wolfram.com/ Wolfram Atlas of Simple Programs] is certainly a first step to explore the computational universe. One of Stephen Wolfram's claims in his controversial book "A New Kind of Science" is that the nature of computation must be explored experimentally.
-	is certainly a first step to explore the computational universe.	+
-	One of Stephen Wolfram's claims in his controversial book	+
-	"A New Kind of Science" is that the nature of computation	+
-	must be explored experimentally.	+

	== Wolfram's New Kind of Science ==		== Wolfram's New Kind of Science ==

Jfromm at 20:23, 27 February 2011

2011-02-27T20:23:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:23, 27 February 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:
	'''Science''' is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. Traditionally we use mathematics to explain the physical world, which means theorems, equations, formulas and calculation. So there is a physical universe, and a mathematical universe, and both can be connected in a meaningful way with each other. Each science has its "own universe" which it tries to describe:		'''Science''' is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. Traditionally we use mathematics to explain the physical world, which means theorems, equations, formulas and calculation. So there is a physical universe, and a mathematical universe, and both can be connected in a meaningful way with each other. Each science has its "own universe" which it tries to describe:

-	* Science - studies worlds made by ..	+	{\| class="wikitable" border="1"
-	~~-----------------------------------~~-	+	\|-
-	* Physics and Natural Science - ..atoms (physical or natural universe)	+	! Science
-	* Biology - ..cells	+	! studies worlds made by ..
-	* Neuroscience - ..neurons	+	\|-
-	* Economics - ..markets	+	\| Physics and Natural Science
-	* Sociology - ..humans	+	\| ..atoms (physical or natural universe)
-	* Mathematics - ..numbers (abstract world of numbers and logic quantities)	+	\|-
-	* Philosophy and Humanities - ..words (abstract world of thoughts and ideas)	+	\| Biology
		+	\| ..cells
		+	\|-
		+	\| Neuroscience
		+	\| ..neurons
		+	\|-
		+	\| Economics
		+	\| ..markets
		+	\|-
		+	\| Sociology
		+	\| ..humans
		+	\|-
		+	\| Mathematics
		+	\| ..numbers (abstract world of numbers and logic quantities)
		+	\|-
		+	\| Philosophy and Humanities
		+	\| ..words (abstract world of thoughts and ideas)
		+	\|-
		+	\|}

	While the natural sciences consider worlds made by atoms, the humanities, esp. linguistics and philosophy, consider worlds made by words. Psychology is an interesting case somewhere in between culture and nature.		While the natural sciences consider worlds made by atoms, the humanities, esp. linguistics and philosophy, consider worlds made by words. Psychology is an interesting case somewhere in between culture and nature.

Jfromm: /* Science and the Universe */

2011-02-26T17:55:52Z

Science and the Universe

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:55, 26 February 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:
	'''Science''' is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. Traditionally we use mathematics to explain the physical world, which means theorems, equations, formulas and calculation. So there is a physical universe, and a mathematical universe, and both can be connected in a meaningful way with each other. Each science has its "own universe" which it tries to describe:		'''Science''' is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. Traditionally we use mathematics to explain the physical world, which means theorems, equations, formulas and calculation. So there is a physical universe, and a mathematical universe, and both can be connected in a meaningful way with each other. Each science has its "own universe" which it tries to describe:

-	* Science - worlds made by ..	+	* Science - studies worlds made by ..
	------------------------------------		------------------------------------
	* Physics and Natural Science - ..atoms (physical or natural universe)		* Physics and Natural Science - ..atoms (physical or natural universe)
Line 10:		Line 10:
	* Economics - ..markets		* Economics - ..markets
	* Sociology - ..humans		* Sociology - ..humans
-	* Philosophy and Humanities - ..words	+	* Mathematics - ..numbers (abstract world of numbers and logic quantities)
		+	* Philosophy and Humanities - ..words (abstract world of thoughts and ideas)

	While the natural sciences consider worlds made by atoms, the humanities, esp. linguistics and philosophy, consider worlds made by words. Psychology is an interesting case somewhere in between culture and nature.		While the natural sciences consider worlds made by atoms, the humanities, esp. linguistics and philosophy, consider worlds made by words. Psychology is an interesting case somewhere in between culture and nature.

Jfromm: /* Science and the Universe */

2011-02-26T17:53:03Z

Science and the Universe

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:53, 26 February 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:
	'''Science''' is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. Traditionally we use mathematics to explain the physical world, which means theorems, equations, formulas and calculation. So there is a physical universe, and a mathematical universe, and both can be connected in a meaningful way with each other. Each science has its "own universe" which it tries to describe:		'''Science''' is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. Traditionally we use mathematics to explain the physical world, which means theorems, equations, formulas and calculation. So there is a physical universe, and a mathematical universe, and both can be connected in a meaningful way with each other. Each science has its "own universe" which it tries to describe:

-	* Physics and Natural Science - physical or natural universe~~, worlds made by atoms~~	+	* Science - worlds made by ..
-	* Biology - ..~~Cells~~	+	------------------------------------
-	* Neuroscience - ..~~Neurons~~	+	* Physics and Natural Science - ..atoms (physical or natural universe)
-	* Economics - ..~~Markets~~	+	* Biology - ..cells
-	* Sociology - ..~~Social objects/Humans~~	+	* Neuroscience - ..neurons
-	* Philosophy and Humanities - ~~worlds made by~~ words	+	* Economics - ..markets
		+	* Sociology - ..humans
		+	* Philosophy and Humanities - ..words

	While the natural sciences consider worlds made by atoms, the humanities, esp. linguistics and philosophy, consider worlds made by words. Psychology is an interesting case somewhere in between culture and nature.		While the natural sciences consider worlds made by atoms, the humanities, esp. linguistics and philosophy, consider worlds made by words. Psychology is an interesting case somewhere in between culture and nature.

Jfromm: /* Science and the Universe */

2011-02-26T17:51:36Z

Science and the Universe

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:51, 26 February 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:
	'''Science''' is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. Traditionally we use mathematics to explain the physical world, which means theorems, equations, formulas and calculation. So there is a physical universe, and a mathematical universe, and both can be connected in a meaningful way with each other. Each science has its "own universe" which it tries to describe:		'''Science''' is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. Traditionally we use mathematics to explain the physical world, which means theorems, equations, formulas and calculation. So there is a physical universe, and a mathematical universe, and both can be connected in a meaningful way with each other. Each science has its "own universe" which it tries to describe:

-	* Physics - physical or natural universe	+	* Physics and Natural Science - physical or natural universe, worlds made by atoms
-	* ~~Economics~~ - ~~Markets~~	+	* Biology - ..Cells
-	* ~~Sociology~~ - ~~Societies~~	+	* Neuroscience - ..Neurons
-	* ~~Psychology~~ - ~~Humans~~	+	* Economics - ..Markets
-	* ~~Neuroscience~~ - ~~Brains~~	+	* Sociology - ..Social objects/Humans
-	* ~~Biology~~ - ~~Cells~~	+	* Philosophy and Humanities - worlds made by words
		+
		+	While the natural sciences consider worlds made by atoms, the humanities, esp. linguistics and philosophy, consider worlds made by words. Psychology is an interesting case somewhere in between culture and nature.

	Yet there are some open questions: why are there any [[Theorem\|theorem]]s at all? Could we use computation instead calculation as well? How can we explain social systems? [[Social system\|Social systems]] are part of the physical world, but their form their own universe which is much harder to explain, because it is very complex. It does not contains spherical objects with identical properties, but individual, unique agents which act in unpredictable ways.		Yet there are some open questions: why are there any [[Theorem\|theorem]]s at all? Could we use computation instead calculation as well? How can we explain social systems? [[Social system\|Social systems]] are part of the physical world, but their form their own universe which is much harder to explain, because it is very complex. It does not contains spherical objects with identical properties, but individual, unique agents which act in unpredictable ways.

Jfromm: /* Science and the Universe */

2011-02-26T16:43:33Z

Science and the Universe

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:43, 26 February 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== Science and the Universe ==		== Science and the Universe ==

-	'''Science''' is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. Traditionally we use mathematics to explain the physical world, which means theorems, equations, formulas and calculation. So there is a physical universe, and a mathematical universe, and both can be connected in a meaningful way with each other.	+	'''Science''' is an enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. Traditionally we use mathematics to explain the physical world, which means theorems, equations, formulas and calculation. So there is a physical universe, and a mathematical universe, and both can be connected in a meaningful way with each other. Each science has its "own universe" which it tries to describe:
		+
		+	* Physics - physical or natural universe
		+	* Economics - Markets
		+	* Sociology - Societies
		+	* Psychology - Humans
		+	* Neuroscience - Brains
		+	* Biology - Cells

	Yet there are some open questions: why are there any [[Theorem\|theorem]]s at all? Could we use computation instead calculation as well? How can we explain social systems? [[Social system\|Social systems]] are part of the physical world, but their form their own universe which is much harder to explain, because it is very complex. It does not contains spherical objects with identical properties, but individual, unique agents which act in unpredictable ways.		Yet there are some open questions: why are there any [[Theorem\|theorem]]s at all? Could we use computation instead calculation as well? How can we explain social systems? [[Social system\|Social systems]] are part of the physical world, but their form their own universe which is much harder to explain, because it is very complex. It does not contains spherical objects with identical properties, but individual, unique agents which act in unpredictable ways.

Jfromm: /* Links */

2011-02-26T13:35:58Z

Links

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:35, 26 February 2011
Line 49:		Line 49:
	* Wikipedia entry for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem Theorem]		* Wikipedia entry for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem Theorem]
	* Wikipedia entry for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula Formula]		* Wikipedia entry for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula Formula]
		+
		+	* Wolfram's Book [http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline/toc.html A New Kind of Science]
		+	* Wolfram's [http://atlas.wolfram.com/ Atlas of Simple Programs]

Jfromm: /* The computational universe */

2011-02-26T13:34:37Z

The computational universe

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:34, 26 February 2011
Line 27:		Line 27:
	systems such as [[Cellular Automata]] and Agent-Based Systems,		systems such as [[Cellular Automata]] and Agent-Based Systems,
	where [[Iteration\|iteration]] meets interaction, is much more		where [[Iteration\|iteration]] meets interaction, is much more
-	complex. A theory or "calculus" for these systems	+	complex. A theory, set of [[Theorem\|theorem]]s or "calculus" for
-	would be desirable. It is unclear what can be computed at all	+	these systems would be desirable. It is unclear what can be computed at all
	with these systems (what kind of computation would this be?),		with these systems (what kind of computation would this be?),
	what forms and types exist in general (have we found already		what forms and types exist in general (have we found already

Jfromm: /* The computational universe */

2011-02-26T13:33:16Z

The computational universe

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 26 February 2011
Line 25:		Line 25:
	arithmetic functions, serial algorithms, detailed instructions,		arithmetic functions, serial algorithms, detailed instructions,
	and sequential operations. Computation in distributed		and sequential operations. Computation in distributed
-	systems such as Cellular Automata and Agent-Based Systems	+	systems such as [[Cellular Automata]] and Agent-Based Systems,
-	is much more complex. A theory or "calculus" for these systems	+	where [[Iteration\|iteration]] meets interaction, is much more
		+	complex. A theory or "calculus" for these systems
	would be desirable. It is unclear what can be computed at all		would be desirable. It is unclear what can be computed at all
	with these systems (what kind of computation would this be?),		with these systems (what kind of computation would this be?),