Organic Computing - Revision history

Admin: Reverted edits by Eboxytezi (Talk) to last version by Jfromm

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Reverted edits by Eboxytezi (Talk) to last version by Jfromm

Eboxytezi at 02:44, 24 November 2010

2010-11-24T02:44:41Z

Jfromm: New page: '''Organic Computing''' is a German Initiative launched by the two German national computer societies GI (German Informatics Society) and ITG (Informationstechnische Gesellschaft), and a ...

2008-09-14T15:49:27Z

New page: '''Organic Computing''' is a German Initiative launched by the two German national computer societies GI (German Informatics Society) and ITG (Informationstechnische Gesellschaft), and a ...

New page

'''Organic Computing''' is a German Initiative launched by the two
German national computer societies GI (German Informatics Society) and
ITG (Informationstechnische Gesellschaft), and a group of researchers
from three German universities (Universität Hannover, Universität Karlsruhe
and Universität Augsburg). It defines an Organic Computing
system as "a technical system which adapts dynamically to the current conditions of its
environment. It is self-organizing, self-optimizing, self-configuring, self-healing,
self-protecting, self-describing, self-explaining and context-aware”.
Thus it is very similar to IBM's [[Autonomic Computing|autonomic computing]] Initiative,
which also is based on systems with [[Self-* Properties]].
Like Autonomic Computing, it is a vision for future information
processing systems.

While Autonomic Computing focuses mainly on servers, computing centers
and large-scale Internet software,
Organic Computing aims at the development of robust, flexible
and highly adaptive embedded systems, [[Ubiquitous Computing]] and
Hardware (Embedded Processors, Microcontroller, etc.).

== History - Organic IT vision ==

The idea of organic computing and [[Autonomic Computing|autonomic computing]] goes
back to research reports from Forrester. In a report from April 2002 about
''Organic IT'', the report defines ''Organic IT'' as a "Computing infrastructure
built on cheap, redundant components that automatically shares and manages
enterprise computing resources -- software, processors, storage, and
networks -- across all applications within a datacenter".

The vision of ''Organic IT '' is based on a next-generation data center
architecture, and was the precursor for the
organic computing and [[Autonomic Computing|autonomic computing]] initiatives.
Forrester has proposed for example the "principle of least escalation",
meaning that in an layered organic architecture with many management
layers the lowest capable level solves urging problems immediately and
informs the higher levels later (similar to biological reflexes).

Like many of the later initiatives and visions, ''Organic IT'' envisioned
an IT architecture which solves the basic problems in many
[[Distributed System|distributed systems]], namely
[[Fault Tolerance|fault tolerance]], [[Failover|failover]],
[[Flexibility|flexibility]], [[Robustness|robustness]], [[Scalability|scalability]]
with the help of [[Self-Star Properties|self-* properties]] and [[redundancy]].
[[Scalability|Scalability]] for instance means that applications can scale up
and down to match demand, [[Robustness|robustness]] and [[Fault Tolerance|fault tolerance]]
(including failover and recovery) mean an application can run 24/7,
non-stop 24 hours per day and seven days a week,
[[Flexibility|flexibility]] means automated server provisioning, application
installation and maintenance.

== Objectives ==

The objective of Organic Computing is the technical usage of principles
observed in natural systems, to create biologically inspired life-like
computer systems. As computers and the tasks they perform become increasingly
complex, researchers are looking to nature -- as model and as
metaphor -- for inspiration.

There are many examples how biology has alredy been affecting
computer science. Many attempts exist for example to develop artificial neural networks,
evolvable hardware, evolutionary algorithms, nanoscale self-assembly, and security systems
that mimic nature's immune systems (see the book "Imitation of Life" by Nancy Forbes).

The overall objectives of organic computing are the same goals
as in biologically inspired computing:
* the use of biology as a metaphor or inspiration for the development of algorithms and systems;
* the construction of information processing systems that use biological materials or are modeled on biological processes, or both;
* the effort to understand how biological organisms "compute," or process information.

== Biologically Inspired Computing ==

Another name for Organic Computing is '''biologically inspired computing'''
or short bio-inspired computing. Organic means having properties
associated with living organisms:
its original meaning is "Part of or derived from living matter".
Organic Computing is the use of the self-* principles found in organic,
living and evolving systems (self-management, self-organization and
self-healing) to reach scaleability, robustness and autonomy.
Organic systems grow, change, evolve, suffer illnesses and recover
again. They are robust and flexible. If organic computing can
identify and use some of the basic principles behind organic
systems to reach similar properties in artificial systems, then
this would be a success.

Biological [[Evolution|evolution]] has managed to produce a
wide variety of complex organisms and lifeforms that build,
adapt, repair and reproduce themselves.
There have always been similarities, exchange and overlap between
the worlds of biology and computer science. The basic terminology
of viruses and infection in the field of computer security
is borrowed from biology, and the modern biomedicine and molecular
biology would not be possible without computers at all.

By studying biological phenomena such as brains, swarming insects,
evolution and immune systems, scientists try to make computers
do the same sorts of things and to reach the same amount of
flexibility and robustness. Using ideas from biology to improve
artificial systems can be a useful way to stimulate thought
and to inspire new architectures. Biologically inspired computing
methods and systems are:

* Reinforcement Learning
* Neural Networks
* Evolutionary Computing
* Swarm Intelligence and Collective Systems
* Artificial Immune Systems
* DNA Computing and Biological Haardware
* Biologically Inspired Robotics

== Papers ==

* [http://www.gi-ev.de/download/VDE-ITG-GI-Positionspapier%20Organic%20Computing.pdf Positionspapier Organische Computersysteme (German)]

* [http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans/bio/Embryonics_ProcIEEE.pdf D. Mange et al., Toward robust integrated circuits: The embryonics approach], Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 88, no. 4 (2000) 516-541

== Books ==

Nancy Forbes, ''Imitation of Life : How Biology Is Inspiring Computing'', The MIT Press, 2004, ISBN 0262062410

== Links ==

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologically-inspired_computing Biologically-inspired computing]

* [http://www.cs.unibo.it/bison/index.shtml BISON Biology-Inspired techniques for Self-Organization in dynamic Networks]

* [http://www.organic-computing.org/ The Organic Computing Home Page]

* [http://www.informatik.uni-augsburg.de/lehrstuehle/sik/research/organiccomputing/ Organic Computing @ University of Augsburg]

[[Category:x-Computing_Techniques]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:45, 11 February 2011
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-	~~=[http://ejahibuko.co.cc This Page Is Currently Under Construction And Will Be Available Shortly, Please Visit Reserve Copy Page]=~~
	'''Organic Computing''' is a German Initiative launched by the two		'''Organic Computing''' is a German Initiative launched by the two
	German national computer societies GI (German Informatics Society) and		German national computer societies GI (German Informatics Society) and
Line 5:		Line 4:
	from three German universities (Universität Hannover, Universität Karlsruhe		from three German universities (Universität Hannover, Universität Karlsruhe
	and Universität Augsburg). It defines an Organic Computing		and Universität Augsburg). It defines an Organic Computing
-	system as ~~"~~a technical system which adapts dynamically to the current conditions of its	+	system as "a technical system which adapts dynamically to the current conditions of its
	environment. It is self-organizing, self-optimizing, self-configuring, self-healing,		environment. It is self-organizing, self-optimizing, self-configuring, self-healing,
	self-protecting, self-describing, self-explaining and context-aware”.		self-protecting, self-describing, self-explaining and context-aware”.
Line 23:		Line 22:
	The idea of organic computing and [[Autonomic Computing\|autonomic computing]] goes		The idea of organic computing and [[Autonomic Computing\|autonomic computing]] goes
	back to research reports from Forrester. In a report from April 2002 about		back to research reports from Forrester. In a report from April 2002 about
-	''Organic IT'', the report defines ''Organic IT'' as a ~~"~~Computing infrastructure	+	''Organic IT'', the report defines ''Organic IT'' as a "Computing infrastructure
	built on cheap, redundant components that automatically shares and manages		built on cheap, redundant components that automatically shares and manages
	enterprise computing resources -- software, processors, storage, and		enterprise computing resources -- software, processors, storage, and
-	networks -- across all applications within a datacenter~~"~~.	+	networks -- across all applications within a datacenter".

	The vision of ''Organic IT '' is based on a next-generation data center		The vision of ''Organic IT '' is based on a next-generation data center
	architecture, and was the precursor for the		architecture, and was the precursor for the
	organic computing and [[Autonomic Computing\|autonomic computing]] initiatives.		organic computing and [[Autonomic Computing\|autonomic computing]] initiatives.
-	Forrester has proposed for example the ~~"~~principle of least escalation~~"~~,	+	Forrester has proposed for example the "principle of least escalation",
	meaning that in an layered organic architecture with many management		meaning that in an layered organic architecture with many management
	layers the lowest capable level solves urging problems immediately and		layers the lowest capable level solves urging problems immediately and
Line 60:		Line 59:
	computer science. Many attempts exist for example to develop artificial neural networks,		computer science. Many attempts exist for example to develop artificial neural networks,
	evolvable hardware, evolutionary algorithms, nanoscale self-assembly, and security systems		evolvable hardware, evolutionary algorithms, nanoscale self-assembly, and security systems
-	that mimic nature's immune systems (see the book ~~"~~Imitation of Life~~"~~ by Nancy Forbes).	+	that mimic nature's immune systems (see the book "Imitation of Life" by Nancy Forbes).

	The overall objectives of organic computing are the same goals		The overall objectives of organic computing are the same goals
Line 66:		Line 65:
	* the use of biology as a metaphor or inspiration for the development of algorithms and systems;		* the use of biology as a metaphor or inspiration for the development of algorithms and systems;
	* the construction of information processing systems that use biological materials or are modeled on biological processes, or both;		* the construction of information processing systems that use biological materials or are modeled on biological processes, or both;
-	* the effort to understand how biological organisms ~~"~~compute,~~"~~ or process information.	+	* the effort to understand how biological organisms "compute," or process information.

	== Biologically Inspired Computing ==		== Biologically Inspired Computing ==
Line 73:		Line 72:
	or short bio-inspired computing. Organic means having properties		or short bio-inspired computing. Organic means having properties
	associated with living organisms:		associated with living organisms:
-	its original meaning is ~~"~~Part of or derived from living matter~~"~~.	+	its original meaning is "Part of or derived from living matter".
	Organic Computing is the use of the self-* principles found in organic,		Organic Computing is the use of the self-* principles found in organic,
	living and evolving systems (self-management, self-organization and		living and evolving systems (self-management, self-organization and

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:44, 24 November 2010
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	=[http://ejahibuko.co.cc This Page Is Currently Under Construction And Will Be Available Shortly, Please Visit Reserve Copy Page]=
	'''Organic Computing''' is a German Initiative launched by the two		'''Organic Computing''' is a German Initiative launched by the two
	German national computer societies GI (German Informatics Society) and		German national computer societies GI (German Informatics Society) and
Line 4:		Line 5:
	from three German universities (Universität Hannover, Universität Karlsruhe		from three German universities (Universität Hannover, Universität Karlsruhe
	and Universität Augsburg). It defines an Organic Computing		and Universität Augsburg). It defines an Organic Computing
-	system as "a technical system which adapts dynamically to the current conditions of its	+	system as "a technical system which adapts dynamically to the current conditions of its
	environment. It is self-organizing, self-optimizing, self-configuring, self-healing,		environment. It is self-organizing, self-optimizing, self-configuring, self-healing,
	self-protecting, self-describing, self-explaining and context-aware”.		self-protecting, self-describing, self-explaining and context-aware”.
Line 22:		Line 23:
	The idea of organic computing and [[Autonomic Computing\|autonomic computing]] goes		The idea of organic computing and [[Autonomic Computing\|autonomic computing]] goes
	back to research reports from Forrester. In a report from April 2002 about		back to research reports from Forrester. In a report from April 2002 about
-	''Organic IT'', the report defines ''Organic IT'' as a "Computing infrastructure	+	''Organic IT'', the report defines ''Organic IT'' as a "Computing infrastructure
	built on cheap, redundant components that automatically shares and manages		built on cheap, redundant components that automatically shares and manages
	enterprise computing resources -- software, processors, storage, and		enterprise computing resources -- software, processors, storage, and
-	networks -- across all applications within a datacenter".	+	networks -- across all applications within a datacenter".

	The vision of ''Organic IT '' is based on a next-generation data center		The vision of ''Organic IT '' is based on a next-generation data center
	architecture, and was the precursor for the		architecture, and was the precursor for the
	organic computing and [[Autonomic Computing\|autonomic computing]] initiatives.		organic computing and [[Autonomic Computing\|autonomic computing]] initiatives.
-	Forrester has proposed for example the "principle of least escalation",	+	Forrester has proposed for example the "principle of least escalation",
	meaning that in an layered organic architecture with many management		meaning that in an layered organic architecture with many management
	layers the lowest capable level solves urging problems immediately and		layers the lowest capable level solves urging problems immediately and
Line 59:		Line 60:
	computer science. Many attempts exist for example to develop artificial neural networks,		computer science. Many attempts exist for example to develop artificial neural networks,
	evolvable hardware, evolutionary algorithms, nanoscale self-assembly, and security systems		evolvable hardware, evolutionary algorithms, nanoscale self-assembly, and security systems
-	that mimic nature's immune systems (see the book "Imitation of Life" by Nancy Forbes).	+	that mimic nature's immune systems (see the book "Imitation of Life" by Nancy Forbes).

	The overall objectives of organic computing are the same goals		The overall objectives of organic computing are the same goals
Line 65:		Line 66:
	* the use of biology as a metaphor or inspiration for the development of algorithms and systems;		* the use of biology as a metaphor or inspiration for the development of algorithms and systems;
	* the construction of information processing systems that use biological materials or are modeled on biological processes, or both;		* the construction of information processing systems that use biological materials or are modeled on biological processes, or both;
-	* the effort to understand how biological organisms "compute," or process information.	+	* the effort to understand how biological organisms "compute," or process information.

	== Biologically Inspired Computing ==		== Biologically Inspired Computing ==
Line 72:		Line 73:
	or short bio-inspired computing. Organic means having properties		or short bio-inspired computing. Organic means having properties
	associated with living organisms:		associated with living organisms:
-	its original meaning is "Part of or derived from living matter".	+	its original meaning is "Part of or derived from living matter".
	Organic Computing is the use of the self-* principles found in organic,		Organic Computing is the use of the self-* principles found in organic,
	living and evolving systems (self-management, self-organization and		living and evolving systems (self-management, self-organization and