Swarm Intelligence

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'''Swarm Intelligence''' is a general term of the flexible, adaptive and collective behavior found in swarms, flocks, herds and other ~~social~~ groups, especially for social ~~insect colonies~~ such as ~~ant or~~ termites ~~colonies~~, ~~or colonies of~~ wasps, ~~bumble~~ and honey bees.

+

'''Swarm Intelligence''' is a form of [[Collective Intelligence|collective intelligence]] in [[Swarm|swarms]]. It is a general term of the flexible, adaptive and collective behavior found in swarms, flocks, herds and other groups of social animals, especially for social insects such as ants, termites, locusts, wasps, and honey bees. Examples of systems with swarm intelligence can be found in all kind of animal groups: schools of fish, flocks of birds, herds of land animals.

[[Image:SwarmIntelligence.png|thumb|500px|Swarm-Intelligence in relation to stigmergy, swarm-formation and emergence]]

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== Definition and History ==

-

Swarm Intelligence is traditionally understood as "the [[Emergence|emergent]] collective intelligence of groups of simple [[Agent|agents]]" (Bonabeau et al. 1999). It is the typical example of [[Emergence|emergence]] and [[Emergence|emergent phenomena]]. The expression "swarm intelligence" was introduced by G. Beni and U. Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems. In these systems many simple agents occupy one- or two-dimensional environments to generate patterns and self-organize through nearest-neighbor interactions. Bonabeau, Dorigo and Theraulaz extend Beni et al.'s definition in their "Swarm Intelligence" book, and include any attempt to design algorithms or distributed problem-solving devices inspired by the collective behavior of social insect colonies and other animal societies.

+

Systems which exhibit swarm intelligence are composed of many individuals coordinated by decentralized control and self-organization. Swarm Intelligence is traditionally understood as "the [[Emergence|emergent]] collective intelligence of groups of simple [[Agent|agents]]" (Bonabeau et al. 1999). It is the typical example of [[Emergence|emergence]] and [[Emergence|emergent phenomena]]. The expression "swarm intelligence" was introduced by G. Beni and U. Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems. In these systems many simple agents occupy one- or two-dimensional environments to generate patterns and self-organize through nearest-neighbor interactions. Bonabeau, Dorigo and Theraulaz extend Beni et al.'s definition in their "Swarm Intelligence" book, and include any attempt to design algorithms or distributed problem-solving devices inspired by the collective behavior of social insect colonies and other animal societies.

== Forms and Relations ==

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The concept of swarm intelligence is related to the two basic concepts of [[Stigmergy|stigmergy]] and [[Emergence|emergence]], which describe the appearance of organized behavior patterns in groups of individuals. Coordination of collective behavior is not possible without communication. This communication is of course not always evident and visible. Sometimes the communication takes place in a direct way (for example by visual contact), sometimes the communication happens indirectly with the help of the environment (for example by invisible scents).

+

The concept of swarm intelligence is related to the two basic concepts of [[Stigmergy|stigmergy]] and [[Emergence|emergence]], which describe the appearance of organized behavior patterns in groups of individuals. A group of individuals follows the "acts as one" or "acts as swarm" pattern: fireflies flashing in synchrony follow the rule, “I signal when you signal”, fish traveling in schools abide by the rule, “I go where you go”, birds flying in [[Flocking|flocks]] follow the rule "I fly where you fly" and so forth. Coordination of collective behavior is not possible without communication. This communication is of course not always evident and visible. Sometimes the communication takes place in a direct way (for example by visual contact), sometimes the communication happens indirectly with the help of the environment (for example by invisible scents).

[[Image:swarm_intelligence_and_stigmergy.png|left|thumb|400px|Swarm-Formation vs. Swarm-Intelligence]]

-

There are two basic forms of swarm intelligence: (1) swarm-formation and (2) stigmergy. The term swarm-formation describes the first basic form of swarm intelligence and characterizes the creation of swarms, flocks or groups by direct interaction, as it can be observed in flocks of birds, schoals of fish, etc. The rules are simple: stay close to the group, but don't come too close to individuals. The principle of swarm formation is based on a distinction between global and local, group and agent, swarm and individual: global attraction (move towards the group) combined with local repulsion (stay aways from individuals).

+

There are two basic forms of swarm intelligence: (1) swarm-formation and (2) stigmergy. The term swarm-formation describes the first basic form of swarm intelligence and characterizes the creation of swarms, [[Flocking|flocks]] or groups by direct interaction, as it can be observed in flocks of birds, schoals of fish, etc. The rules are simple: stay close to the group, but don't come too close to individuals. The principle of swarm formation is based on a distinction between global and local, group and agent, swarm and individual: global attraction (move towards the group) combined with local repulsion (stay aways from individuals). It can be described by the [[Boids_Model|boids model]] of Craig Reynolds.

-

[[Stigmergy]] is the second basic form of swarm intelligence. Swarm intelligence and [[Stigmergy|stigmergy]] are often used synonymously and describe swarms and groups which are controlled by indirect interaction over the environment, for example in [[~~Ant-Based_System~~|~~ant-based systems~~]]. [[Emergence|Emergence]] is the general term which describes the appearance of macroscopic phenomena out of mircoscopic interactions.

+

[[Stigmergy]] is the second basic form of swarm intelligence. Swarm intelligence and [[Stigmergy|stigmergy]] are often used synonymously and describe swarms and groups which are controlled by indirect interaction over the environment, for example in ant colonies. Ant colonies and other social insects use pheromones and scents to communicate with each other. This form of volatile communication allows the dynamic construction of trails for foraging, and enable a good trade-off between [[Exploitation_and_Exploration|exploitation and exploration]] of food sources in the surrounding environment.

+

While the principle of stigmergy explains for example trail formation with the purpose of collective foraging, the principle of swarm formation explains the aggregation and group formation with the purpose of collective movement. Both forms and principles can be considered as a case of emergence. [[Emergence|Emergence]] is the general term which describes the appearance of macroscopic phenomena out of mircoscopic interactions.

== Examples ==

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it also exploits it much faster than any individual

-

The coordination relies often on a kind of language.

+

The coordination relies often on a kind of language, although it can be an unusual one.

Honeybees perform a dance on their return to the hive, known as bee dance or waggle dance.

The information contained in this "dance language" is used to select a new nest site or to

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Swarm Intelligence''' is a general term of the flexible, adaptive and collective behavior found in swarms, flocks, herds and other social groups, especially for social insect colonies such as ant or termites colonies, or colonies of wasps, bumble and honey bees.
+'''Swarm Intelligence''' is a form of [[Collective Intelligence|collective intelligence]] in [[Swarm|swarms]]. It is a general term of the flexible, adaptive and collective behavior found in swarms, flocks, herds and other groups of social animals, especially for social insects such as ants, termites, locusts, wasps, and honey bees. Examples of systems with swarm intelligence can be found in all kind of animal groups: schools of fish, flocks of birds, herds of land animals.
 [[Image:SwarmIntelligence.png|thumb|500px|Swarm-Intelligence in relation to stigmergy, swarm-formation and emergence]]
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 == Definition and History ==
-Swarm Intelligence is traditionally understood as "the [[Emergence|emergent]] collective intelligence of groups of simple [[Agent|agents]]" (Bonabeau et al. 1999). It is the typical example of [[Emergence|emergence]] and [[Emergence|emergent phenomena]]. The expression "swarm intelligence" was introduced by G. Beni and U. Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems. In these systems many simple agents occupy one- or two-dimensional environments to generate patterns and self-organize through nearest-neighbor interactions. Bonabeau, Dorigo and Theraulaz extend Beni et al.'s definition in their "Swarm Intelligence" book, and include any attempt to design algorithms or distributed problem-solving devices inspired by the collective behavior of social insect colonies and other animal societies.
+Systems which exhibit swarm intelligence are composed of many individuals coordinated by decentralized control and self-organization. Swarm Intelligence is traditionally understood as "the [[Emergence|emergent]] collective intelligence of groups of simple [[Agent|agents]]" (Bonabeau et al. 1999). It is the typical example of [[Emergence|emergence]] and [[Emergence|emergent phenomena]]. The expression "swarm intelligence" was introduced by G. Beni and U. Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems. In these systems many simple agents occupy one- or two-dimensional environments to generate patterns and self-organize through nearest-neighbor interactions. Bonabeau, Dorigo and Theraulaz extend Beni et al.'s definition in their "Swarm Intelligence" book, and include any attempt to design algorithms or distributed problem-solving devices inspired by the collective behavior of social insect colonies and other animal societies.
 == Forms and Relations ==
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 {{SelfOrg}}
-The concept of swarm intelligence is related to the two basic concepts of [[Stigmergy|stigmergy]] and [[Emergence|emergence]], which describe the appearance of organized behavior patterns in groups of individuals. Coordination of collective behavior is not possible without communication. This communication is of course not always evident and visible. Sometimes the communication takes place in a direct way (for example by visual contact), sometimes the communication happens indirectly with the help of the environment (for example by invisible scents).
+The concept of swarm intelligence is related to the two basic concepts of [[Stigmergy|stigmergy]] and [[Emergence|emergence]], which describe the appearance of organized behavior patterns in groups of individuals. A group of individuals follows the "acts as one" or "acts as swarm" pattern: fireflies flashing in synchrony follow the rule, “I signal when you signal”, fish traveling in schools abide by the rule, “I go where you go”, birds flying in [[Flocking|flocks]] follow the rule "I fly where you fly" and so forth. Coordination of collective behavior is not possible without communication. This communication is of course not always evident and visible. Sometimes the communication takes place in a direct way (for example by visual contact), sometimes the communication happens indirectly with the help of the environment (for example by invisible scents).
 [[Image:swarm_intelligence_and_stigmergy.png|left|thumb|400px|Swarm-Formation vs. Swarm-Intelligence]]
-There are two basic forms of swarm intelligence: (1) swarm-formation and (2) stigmergy. The term swarm-formation describes the first basic form of swarm intelligence and characterizes the creation of swarms, flocks or groups by direct interaction, as it can be observed in flocks of birds, schoals of fish, etc. The rules are simple: stay close to the group, but don't come too close to individuals. The principle of swarm formation is based on a distinction between global and local, group and agent, swarm and individual: global attraction (move towards the group) combined with local repulsion (stay aways from individuals).
+There are two basic forms of swarm intelligence: (1) swarm-formation and (2) stigmergy. The term swarm-formation describes the first basic form of swarm intelligence and characterizes the creation of swarms, [[Flocking|flocks]] or groups by direct interaction, as it can be observed in flocks of birds, schoals of fish, etc. The rules are simple: stay close to the group, but don't come too close to individuals. The principle of swarm formation is based on a distinction between global and local, group and agent, swarm and individual: global attraction (move towards the group) combined with local repulsion (stay aways from individuals). It can be described by the [[Boids_Model|boids model]] of Craig Reynolds.
-[[Stigmergy]] is the second basic form of swarm intelligence. Swarm intelligence and [[Stigmergy|stigmergy]] are often used synonymously and describe swarms and groups which are controlled by indirect interaction over the environment, for example in [[Ant-Based_System|ant-based systems]]. [[Emergence|Emergence]] is the general term which describes the appearance of macroscopic phenomena out of mircoscopic interactions.
+[[Stigmergy]] is the second basic form of swarm intelligence. Swarm intelligence and [[Stigmergy|stigmergy]] are often used synonymously and describe swarms and groups which are controlled by indirect interaction over the environment, for example in ant colonies. Ant colonies and other social insects use pheromones and scents to communicate with each other. This form of volatile communication allows the dynamic construction of trails for foraging, and enable a good trade-off between [[Exploitation_and_Exploration|exploitation and exploration]] of food sources in the surrounding environment.
+While the principle of stigmergy explains for example trail formation with the purpose of collective foraging, the principle of swarm formation explains the aggregation and group formation with the purpose of collective movement. Both forms and principles can be considered as a case of emergence. [[Emergence|Emergence]] is the general term which describes the appearance of macroscopic phenomena out of mircoscopic interactions.
 == Examples ==
@@ Line 35: / Line 37: @@
 it also exploits it much faster than any individual
-The coordination relies often on a kind of language.
+The coordination relies often on a kind of language, although it can be an unusual one.
 Honeybees perform a dance on their return to the hive, known as bee dance or waggle dance.
 The information contained in this "dance language" is used to select a new nest site or to
@@ Line 61: / Line 63: @@
 more in a single day.
-== Scientists ==
+== Advantages and drawbacks ==
-Software and Optimization
+The fascinating thing about swarm intelligence
+is that complex collective behavior emerges
+from individuals following simple rules.
+Swarm-intelligence and emergence are fascinating
+because this is not expected or usual behavior,
+and the system is fault-tolerant and robust.
+The idea of emergence is that simple underlying rules
+'''can''' give rise to surprisingly complex structures.
+A system '''can''' evolve a large structure from repeated
+small-scale interactions between its smaller elements.
+But simple rules do not always lead to complex
+structures. Individuals following simple rules usually
+do not organize themselves at all if there is no
+suitable communication and coordination, they lead
+to simple collective behavior or chaos and
+confusion. True self-organization is the EXCEPTION,
+not the RULE. It happens rarely and not
+frequently.
-[http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/~mdorigo/HomePageDorigo/ Marco Dorigo]
+Sometimes there are indeed forms and patterns which
+emerge from simple rules, but usually they are as simple
+as heaps, dunes or ripples. not more. An ant colony
+has the form of a heap and the ants are forming "streets".
+This is it, they are not building any other complex
+structures. The result of countless repeated,
+small-scale interactions often is not a big,
+global structure, rather a big mess. There are only
+a few interesting examples of self-organization:
+the flock of birds, the ant colony, etc.
-[http://www.idsia.ch/~luca/ Luca Maria Gambardella]
+Successfully identifying self-organizing systems
+with swarm intelligence or emergent properties is a bit
+like lost finding ancient cities or sunken ships with lots of gold.
+They are interesting, fascinating and appealing, sometimes
+even mysterious. Everybody would like to find or have them,
+but it is not easy, the obstacles are very high, and the
+interesting cases are very rare and mostly well-known.
+Therefore the search for both can be frustrating (in
+exceptional cases also very rewarding and pleasing).
+Moreover you don't now what you will see until you watch it
+yourself, and even if you do, in the interesting cases you
+don't know exactly why it has become this way.
+Perhaps swarm intelligence would be less mysterious and
+fascinating if we could perceive the language which is
+used to control it directly, for example if we could
+perceive the odors and chemicals directly which are used
+by ants for communication. Unlike ants we do not communicate
+with chemicals.
+== Scientists and Labs ==
+Software and Optimization
-[http://hampshire.edu/~lasCCS/ Lee Spector]
+* [http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/~mdorigo/HomePageDorigo/ Marco Dorigo]
+* [http://www.idsia.ch/~luca/ Luca Maria Gambardella]
+* [http://hampshire.edu/~lasCCS/ Lee Spector]
 Software and Hardware:
-[http://www.unm.edu/~tanner/ Herbert Glenn Tanner]
+* [http://www.unm.edu/~tanner/ Herbert Glenn Tanner]
 Hardware and Robotics:
-[http://lis.epfl.ch/member.php?SCIPER=111729 Dario Floreano]
+* [http://lis.epfl.ch/member.php?SCIPER=111729 Dario Floreano]
+* [http://www5.epfl.ch/swis/page1336.html Alcherio Martinoli]
-[http://www5.epfl.ch/swis/page1336.html Alcherio Martinoli]
 Biology
 * [http://www.stanford.edu/~dmgordon/ Deborah Gordon and The Gordon Lab]
-* [http://www.princeton.edu/~icouzin/ Iain D. Couzin]
+* [http://www.princeton.edu/~icouzin/ Iain D. Couzin] and the [http://icouzin.princeton.edu/ Couzin Lab]
 ==Articles==
@@ Line 90: / Line 141: @@
 Many articles and resources can be found [http://dsp.jpl.nasa.gov/members/payman/swarm/ here].
-G. Beni and U. Wang, ''Swarm intelligence in cellular robotic systems'', In NATO Advanced Workshop on Robots and Biological Systems, Il Ciocco, Tuscany, Italy, 1989.
+* Ashley J.W. Ward et al., [http://www.pnas.org/content/108/6/2312.full Fast and accurate decisions through collective vigilance in fish shoals], PNAS Vol. 108 No. 6 (2011) 2312-2315
+* Iain D. Couzin, [http://www.princeton.edu/~icouzin/Couzin2009.pdf Collective cognition in animal groups], Trends Cogn Sci 13 (2009) 36–43.
-[http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/tanner03stable.html Stable Flocking of Mobile Agents, Part I: Fixed Topology]
+* G. Beni and U. Wang, ''Swarm intelligence in cellular robotic systems'', In NATO Advanced Workshop on Robots and Biological Systems, Il Ciocco, Tuscany, Italy, 1989.
-Herbert G. Tanner, Ali Jadbabaie and George J. Pappas, 2003
+* Herbert G. Tanner, Ali Jadbabaie and George J. Pappas, [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/tanner03stable.html Stable Flocking of Mobile Agents, Part I: Fixed Topology], [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/563430.html Part II: Dynamic Topology], 2003
+* [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/mataric95designing.html Designing and Understanding Adaptive Group Behavior] Maja J. Mataric, 1995
-[http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/563430.html Stable Flocking of Mobile Agents Part II: Dynamic Topology]
+* Andrea Perna et al., [http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.5827 Individual rules for trail pattern formation in Argentine ants (Linepithema humile)], http://arxiv.org/abs/1201.5827
-Herbert G. Tanner, Ali Jadbabaie and George J. Pappas, 2003
-[http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/mataric95designing.html Designing and Understanding Adaptive Group Behavior] Maja J. Mataric, 1995
 Dance languages and nest site search of honey bees
@@ Line 118: / Line 166: @@
 * Mitchel Resnick, ''Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds'' (1997) The MIT Press, ISBN 0262181622
-[[Category:Basic Principles]]
+== Links ==
+* Wikipedia entry for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarm_behaviour swarm behaviour]
+* Wikipedia entry for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_animal_behaviour collective animal behaviour]
+[[Category:Basic Principles]] [[Category:Collective Processes]]

Swarm Intelligence

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