Complex Adaptive System

A '''Complex Adaptive System''' (CAS) is a special case of a [[Complex System|complex system]] with the ability to change and [[Adaptive_System|adapt itself]] to the environment. Typically it consists of a large number of interacting adaptive [[Agent|agents]]. CASs are used to understand events, objects, and processes in their relationship with each other. They are 'complex' - they are diverse and made up of multiple interconnected elements - and 'adaptive' - they have the capacity to change and learn from experience. They are systems where a lot of individual adaptive agents interact and communicate with each other: complex [[Multi-Agent System|MAS]] with adaptive agents. The agents of a CAS learn and change as they interact with each other. The name '''complex adaptive systems''' has been coined at the interdisciplinary [http://www.santafe.edu Santa Fe Institute] (SFI), by John H. Holland, Murray Gell-Mann and others.  John H. Holland is one of the inventors of evolutionary computation and [[Genetic Algorithm|genetic algorithm]]s, Nobel Prize laureate Murray Gell-Mann discovered quarks.